1. Isihlabathi namatshe, imidiya yesihlungi sesihlabathi se-quartz
1). Imidiya-yesihlungi esisodwa Ngo-1829, i-Chelsea Water Supply Company e-London, e-England, yakha ithangi lokuqala elinensayo lokuhlunga ukuze likhiqizeke. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwethangi lokuhlunga kancane, ukungcola okumisiwe emanzini kuyaqhubeka nokuqoqwa kulwelwesi lwesihlungi, okwandisa ukumelana nokuhlunga futhi kancane kancane kunciphisa izinga lokuhlunga. Ngakho-ke, ngemva kwezinyanga ezi-2 kuya kwezingu-3 zokusebenza, idinga ukuvuselelwa futhi ibuyiselwe ekusebenzeni. Ngo-1885, abantu baseMelika basungula ithangi lokuhlunga ngokushesha futhi bakha ithangi lokuqala lokuhlunga ngokushesha ngo-1909, elathuthukisa ukukhubazeka kwethangi lokuhlunga kancane futhi landa kakhulu isivinini sokuhlunga. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukuhlunga kuwukuhlunga{12}}kwesendlalelo esisodwa, futhi imidiya yesihlungi isihlabathi negravel, isihlabathi sequartz, njll.
2). -Imidiya yesihlungi sezendlalelo Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bokuhlunga, abacwaningi basekhaya nabangaphandle bahlongoze ngokulandelana{3}}izihlungi zemidiya eziningi. Okuvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu-imidiya yesihlungi sezendlalelo ezinhlelweni zokusebenza kukabili-imidiya yesihlungi esendlalelo kanye nemidiya yokuhlunga kathathu{7}}yezihlungi. Ngo-1940, i-United States yaqala ukwenza{10}}ithangi lesihlungi sezendlalelo ezimbili. Lesi sihlungi sisebenzisa okokuhlunga okukhanyayo okunokuminyana okuphansi kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezinkulu kusendlalelo esingaphezulu, kanye nokokuhlunga okusindayo okunokuminyana okuphezulu kanye nosayizi omncane wezinhlayiyana ezansi. Idatha yokusebenza ibonisa ukuthi amandla okubamba ukungcoliswa kwesihlungi{13}}sesendlalelo esiphindwe kabili siphindwe kabili kunesihlungi esivamile{14}}sesihlungi esisodwa, futhi izinga lokuhlunga likhuphuka izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-0.5. Ucwaningo olumayelana{17}}nobuchwepheshe bezinto zokuhlunga zezendlalelo ezintathu lwaqala ngeminyaka yawo-1960s, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa amalahle, isihlabathi, negarnet njengezinto zokuhlunga. Izinga lokuhlunga laleli tanki lesihlungi ngesikhathi sokuhlunga kokuqala lingaba izikhathi ezi-3 kunezethangi elilodwa-losendlalelo sokuhlunga ngokushesha kanye nokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-2 kunethangi lamalahle{23}}eliphindwe kabili{24}}lesendlalelo sesihlungi.
Eminyakeni yamuva, abacwaningi basekhaya nabo benze intuthuko ehambisanayo ezintweni zokuhlunga, futhi evamile inhlanganisela yesihlabathi se-carbon ecushiwe nesihlabathi se-quartz. U-Zhang Sheng kanye nabanye abavela eNyuvesi yaseTsinghua bafunde ukwelashwa{1}}kwamanzi omthombo wamanzi we-algae aphezulu ngesihlungi se-quartz se-activated carbon-quartz sand double{3}}sendlalelo ejulile yombhede. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi isihlungi se-carbon ecushiwe-sesihlabathi se-quartz esiphindwe kabili-sendlalelo esine-flotation esihlanganisiwe sinenani eliphelele lokususwa kwe-algae elingu-95.1%, izinga lokususwa kwe-chlorophyll elingu-92.2%, izinga lokususwa kwe-outlet turbidity elingu-54.3%, izinga lokukhishwa kwe-oxygen elingu-63roch, nokususwa kwe-63roch. isilinganiso esingu-86.4%.
3). Imidiya yesihlungi elinganayo Umbhede wokuhlunga owakhiwe yile midiya yokuhlunga unosayizi abakhulu, abaphakathi nendawo, nabancane esigabeni ngasinye ukusuka phezulu kuye phansi, futhi ubuningi bazo bayalingana noma bayavaleka. Isilinganiso esingenalutho semidiya yokuhlunga eziqondisweni ezingenhla neziphansi zombhede wokuhlunga ziyafana, ukuze isimo sokugeleza kwamanzi ombhede wesihlungi siyafana. Imidiya yesihlungi elinganayo inganqoba kangcono ukuvinjelwa kwendawo, futhi ama-flocs angena ajule embhedeni wokuhlunga ukuze afinyelele umphumela wokuhlunga amanzi engeziwe kanye nekhwalithi enhle yamanzi.
2. Imidiya yesihlungi se-Ceramic granule
Ukutholakala kwe-ceramsite kungalandelelwa emuva ku-1885, kodwa empeleni yathuthukiswa ngu-SJHayde ngo-1918. izwe lami laqala ukutadisha ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwe-ceramsite ekuqaleni kwawo-1950. I-Ceramsite yenziwe ngezinsalela zemfucuza yezimboni, imfucuza noma izinto zokusetshenziswa zamaminerali ezilahliwe kanye ne-shale ephansi. Ama-micropores ngaphakathi kwe-ceramsite ane-porous, okwenza i-ceramsite ibe nezici zobuningi benqwaba encane, amandla aphezulu kanye nokumelana nokubola kwamakhemikhali. Indawo ethize yendawo yesihlungi se-ceramsite iphindwe izikhathi eziyisi-6 kuye kweziyi-8 kunesihlungi sesihlabathi se-quartz, futhi i-porosity iphindwe izikhathi ezingu-1.7 kuya kwezingu-2.2 kunesihlabathi se-quartz.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-ceramsite ibisetshenziswa kabanzi njengesigcwalisi sebhayoloji samanzi angcolile, esinomphumela omuhle wokuhlanza amanzi angcolile, futhi izinga lokususwa kwe-ammonia nitrogen lingafinyelela ngaphezu kwama-90%. Kato et al. wasebenzisa ama-porous ceramic fillers ukwelapha amanzi angcolile okudla. Lapho isikhathi sokugcinwa kwe-hydraulic singu-30.17h, isilinganiso sokususa i-COD esimaphakathi sidlule ama-87%. Okwamanje, abacwaningi basekhaya nabangaphandle benze izinto ezintsha zokuhlunga ze-ceramsite njenge-enzymatic ceramsite, i-spherical lightweight ceramsite, ne-nano{7}}i-ceramsite eguquliwe ngokusekelwe ku-ceramsite evamile. I-enzymatic ceramsite ikakhulukazi isebenzisa umphumela we-catalytic wama-enzyme ukuthuthukisa umphumela wokwelapha; I-ceramsite eyisiyingi engasindi inezinzuzo zendawo emagebhugebhu, ukuminyana okumaphakathi, amandla aphezulu, nokumelana nokushwibilika; I-nano-i-ceramsite elungisiwe isebenzisa i-nanotechnology ukuze iguqule into yokuhlunga. Ingaphezulu lempahla yokuhlunga inama-nanoparticles, okwenza ibe namandla okwelapha aqinile.
3. Izinto zokuhlunga eziguquliwe
Uma kucatshangelwa indawo ethile elinganiselwe yezinto eziyisihlungi ezivame ukusetshenziswa njengesihlabathi se-quartz, i-ceramsite, ne-anthracite, ukushaja okungekuhle endaweni ngaphansi kwezimo ezingathathi hlangothi noma umnotho, abacwaningi benze izinto zokuhlunga eziguquliwe, osekuphenduke isihloko esishisayo ocwaningweni olubanzi. Izinto zokuhlunga eziguquliwe ezokwembathisa ungqimba lwesihlungi esingaphezulu kwesihlungi senkampani yenethiwekhi ngokusabela ngokomzimba namakhemikhali, ngaleyo ndlela kuguqule izakhiwo ezingokoqobo nezamakhemikhali ebusweni bezinhlayiya zezinto zokuhlunga zangempela, ezingathuthukisa ikhono lesihlungi lokuvimba ukungcoliswa kanye namandla ako okukhangisa ezintweni ezithile ezikhethekile, futhi kuthuthukise ikhwalithi yamanzi angcolile. Ukuzijwayeza kubonise ukuthi izinto zokuhlunga eziguquliwe zingakhuphula indawo ethile yendawo yesihlungi futhi zithuthukise amandla ayo okukhangisa, ukuze imisebenzi ethuthukisiwe yokukhangisa kanye ne-oxidation yokuhlanza ekhiqizwe ukumbozwa kwendawo ingasetshenziswa ngokugcwele ekuxhumaneni nezinto ezihlukahlukene eziphilayo, amagciwane, nolwelwe emanzini. Imidiya yokuhlunga eguquliwe ayikwazi nje ukukhangisa ama-macromolecules kanye ne-colloidal organic matter, kodwa futhi ikhangisa futhi ikhiphe i-oxidize inani elikhulu lama-ion ensimbi esindayo kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezincibilikayo zamangqamuzana emanzini, ngaleyo ndlela kufezwe inhloso yokuthuthukisa ngokuphelele ikhwalithi yamanzi.
1). Imidiya yokuhlunga elungisiwe yokuhlanza indle i-Xiangyang isebenzisa i-montmorillonite eguquliwe kanye ne-sepiolite ukukhangisa ukungcola kwemvelo emanzini. Kutholakala ukuthi uma amanzi equkethe izinsimbi eziguqukayo ezifana ne-iron, i-chromium, i-manganese, ithusi, ne-platinum, imizila engenalutho yezinsimbi eziguqukayo iheha amapheya awodwa ama-electron amanye ama-athomu noma amaqembu asebenzayo ku-organic matter, eshintsha ukwakheka kwe-organic matter, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ukwephula izibopho zekhemikhali zento ephilayo{3}yenza kube nzima{{3}ukuze kube nzima- ukubola ngokuphelele izinto eziphilayo. UProfesa Gao Naiyun wasebenzisa i-alumina coating ukuze aguqule isihlabathi se-quartz ukuze asuse izinto eziphilayo kanye ne-turbidity, futhi wathola ukuthi izinkomba ze-TOC ne-CODMn emanzini angcolile zibonise ukuthi ukumbozwa kwakungcono kunesihlabathi esingagcotshiwe. Ucwaningo lwangaphandle kule ndawo luqale ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngo-1989, u-Jiban K.Satpathy wamboza ingaphezulu lesihlabathi se-quartz esisefiwe ngesilinganiso sosayizi wejometri engu-0.7mm nge-iron nitrate. Kutholwe ukuthi indawo yayo engaphezulu inyuke cishe izikhathi ezingama-40, okungasusa ngempumelelo i-cadmium, i-chromium ne-cyanide emanzini angcolile e-cadmium ne-chromium. Ngo-1996, u-Arun Joshi kanye nabanye abavela ku-Indian Institute of Technology basebenzisa isihlabathi esinamekwe nge-iron oxide ene-iron nitrate embozwe phezu kwesihlabathi se-quartz esinosayizi wejiyomethri omaphakathi ongu-0.49mm njengento yokuhlunga ukuze benze{16}}idivayisi yokukhipha i-arsenic ebiza kancane yasendlini ukuze bakhiphe i-arsenic e-trivalent nepentavalent emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.
2). Imithombo yokuhlunga elungisiwe yokwelashwa kwamanzi Lapho ucwaningo lwemithombo yokuhlunga elungisiwe yokuhlanza indle lukhula kakhulu, ucwaningo lokuhlanzwa kwamanzi nalo seluqalile. U-Zhou Yuexi kanye nabanye bathole ukuthi isihlabathi se-quartz esilungisiwe singasusa ngempumelelo ama-phosphates ancibilikayo emanzini, futhi izinga lokususwa kwama-ion ensimbi esindayo njenge-Cr{3}} ne-Cu{4}} lingaphezu kuka-90%; I-Maeda kanye nabanye e-Japan bagcoba i-ferric hydroxide etsheni le-coral ukuze bathole insimbi{6}}impahla yokuhlunga yamatshe e-coral, ekwazi ukungenisa i-pentavalent arsenic emanzini ebusweni bensimbi{7}}yetshe lekhorali; ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, uProfesa Benjamin namalungu eqembu lakhe locwaningo baqala ukusebenzisa izinto zokuhlunga eziguquliwe ekuhlanzeni amanzi; I-Stenkamp kanye nabanye basebenzise insimbi{9}}ehlanganisiwe ye-quartz yesihlungi se-sand ukuze kuhlolwe ukuze kukhishwe izinhlayiya ezihlanganisiwe ze-iron ene-positive kanye nezinhlayiya ze-emulsion ezinamandla. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi okokuhlunga okushintshiwe kwakuphakeme kunesihlabathi se-quartz sangempela cishe kukho konke ukuhlola. Isihlungi esilungisiwe sinezici zekhono eliqinile le-electrostatic adsorption, isikhathi esifushane sokuvuthwa, futhi linganciphisa inani le-coagulant; UJerzy Lu Kasik et al. isihlabathi esimbozwe nge-iron hydroxide ne-aluminium hydroxide ukuze kulungiswe izinto zokuhlunga ukuze kukhishwe ama-microorganisms emanzini. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi amazinga okususwa kwe-Escherichia coli, amagciwane ekholera, uvendle 1, kanye ne-Escherichia coli phage MS-2 emanzini ayengaphezu kuka-99%.